Art Essays - Software, WordStar, Computing, Operating System, CPM

Art Essays - Software, WordStar, Computing, Operating System, CPM Art account for 90% of what I use regularly, the differences are miniscule between the current version of Microsoft Word that I use today under Windows and the Wordstar program I used in 1980 running on CP/M. There has been little increase in basic abilities or performance from the user perspective. In fact, todays application leviathans often take as much time to launch from our ultra-fast hard drives as those lean but effective programs of yesteryear loaded from pitifully slow 8-inch floppy disks. Ironically, even as hardware has become increasingly reliable and dependable, software has become far less so. It has been years since Ive had to deal with a disk crash, yet hardly a day passes without the operating system and application software conspiring to crash one or more of the machines in my office. A six-year-old machine that serves as our firewall sits with its disk spinning away 24/7 for years with nary a glitch, yet Windows goes brain-dead if it is not rebooted at least once a week. We have been peppered for decades with claims about the accelerating pace of change, yet many of the processes that shape the practices in computer science and software engineering grind glacially slow. Today, for instance, the core software engineering concepts of coupling and cohesion are cited in nearly every basic text and are taught in colleges and universities around the world, yet it took nearly a decade to get anything published in an academically respectable journal and another decade before significant academic adoptions occurred. Ultimately, the true pace of change is not dictated by the evolution of science or technology or of ideas, but by the capacities of humans and human social systems to accommodate change. A product, a service, a practice, or a perspective however new and innovativecan have no impact without acceptance; no significance without change in people and their institutions. Hiding in Hardware The true problem with software is hardware. We have been seduced by the promise of more and more and have become entranced under the spell of Moores Law. Continued progress in hardware is not a friend, but our nemesis. We have been shielded by hardware advances from confronting our own incompetence as software professionals and our immaturity as an engineering profession. Contemporary programmers will point to the operating systems and protest that programming environments today are enormously more complex than those of yesteryear, but the real problem is in how we deal with this situation, in the discipline or its lackthrough which we attempt to overcome complexity. Some years ago when one of the then-leading computing companies surveyed its own internal software engineering practices, the most mature, systematic, and disciplined programming processes were found among application programmers producing business software for internal consumption. Next in line were those creating engineering applications. On down the line and rock-bottom last were the so-called professionals writing the core operating system and its utilities. Where discipline counted for the most, it was least evident. The story has changed little today. Our profes

Free Essays on Relation Between The Federal Government And States

Relation between the Federal Government and States Constitution doesn’t trend to the modern economy then. I. Traditional (1788-1937) Congress - promote Supreme Court - protect Constitution President Hoover laiszze-faire John M. Keynes – Keynes economic theory â€Å"sometimes that not enough† government needs to take a proactive stand. Created a false demand that production will pick- up. Franklin Roosevelt – will get the economy back on track. 1st 100 days he push through 37 bills that he introduced to Congress, limited to an active – federal government. Senate and House passed all of the bills in 1937. Mood of the day – Supreme Court protect the Constitution Important: Supreme Court case (NLRB vs. Jones Laughlin Steel Co.) NLRB introduced a new relationship between the federal government and states. II. Cooperative In 1937 to help the States do want they could not do on their own. Federal government helps the states Roles of Supreme Court passive stands and let Congress go ahead. 1950’s people love the new federal government. Grants 28% of Texas budget comes from the federal government. Caucus causes the federal government. 1929 NAACP 1964 Civil Right Movement – World War II, Pearl Harbor Civil Right Movement - demand equality brought this change and the Supreme Court decision Brown vs. Board of Education – 14 amendment; School Segregation III. Coercive Federalism - 1953 Roles of Congress force states do what they would not do on their own. Roles of Supreme Court active / policy maker Supreme Court does not have anything to do with the 4th federal court. III. Reagan – 1981 Federal government is the trouble administrative program and push to state affective and effective â€Å"More cost effectively (cheaper) you do need that much money.† Downsize the role of government. Legacy of Reagan’s federalism what Reagan said we can do. How to best addre... Free Essays on Relation Between The Federal Government And States Free Essays on Relation Between The Federal Government And States Relation between the Federal Government and States Constitution doesn’t trend to the modern economy then. I. Traditional (1788-1937) Congress - promote Supreme Court - protect Constitution President Hoover laiszze-faire John M. Keynes – Keynes economic theory â€Å"sometimes that not enough† government needs to take a proactive stand. Created a false demand that production will pick- up. Franklin Roosevelt – will get the economy back on track. 1st 100 days he push through 37 bills that he introduced to Congress, limited to an active – federal government. Senate and House passed all of the bills in 1937. Mood of the day – Supreme Court protect the Constitution Important: Supreme Court case (NLRB vs. Jones Laughlin Steel Co.) NLRB introduced a new relationship between the federal government and states. II. Cooperative In 1937 to help the States do want they could not do on their own. Federal government helps the states Roles of Supreme Court passive stands and let Congress go ahead. 1950’s people love the new federal government. Grants 28% of Texas budget comes from the federal government. Caucus causes the federal government. 1929 NAACP 1964 Civil Right Movement – World War II, Pearl Harbor Civil Right Movement - demand equality brought this change and the Supreme Court decision Brown vs. Board of Education – 14 amendment; School Segregation III. Coercive Federalism - 1953 Roles of Congress force states do what they would not do on their own. Roles of Supreme Court active / policy maker Supreme Court does not have anything to do with the 4th federal court. III. Reagan – 1981 Federal government is the trouble administrative program and push to state affective and effective â€Å"More cost effectively (cheaper) you do need that much money.† Downsize the role of government. Legacy of Reagan’s federalism what Reagan said we can do. How to best addre...

Financial Accounting coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Accounting coursework - Essay Example Thus the accrual method of accounting measures the position and performance of the company based on the transactions made in the course of business irrespective of the cash receipts and payments done for the business transaction. The accrual method of accounting combines the current and expected cash inflows and outflows to determine the consolidated financial position of the company (Sofat and Hiro, 2008, p.36). Marks and Spencer has used the accrual method to determine the expected value of the cash flows based on the historical sales returns so that the accrued figures could be allocated accurately in the financial statements. Assumptions related to Going-Concern for preparing financial statements The assumptions related to going concern for preparing financial statements are that the company would continue its business in near future unless the management decides to liquidate the company or decides to stop operations. When the financial statements are prepared by assuming the goi ng concern of a business entity, the assets and liabilities are allocated with the assumption that if the company continues its operations, it would be able to acquire the same amount of assets or would be able to service the same amount of liabilities (Bhattacharyya, 2011, p.48). Ex. Marks and Spencer have prepared their financial statements with the assumption of going concern after considering the risk and uncertainties of the business. The assessment of the assets and liabilities for the foreseeable future has been done based on projections after consideration of risk. Key accounting concepts used in preparation of financial statements The accounting method is a tool based on which the financial statements are prepared and the information given in the financial statements are meant for the users. Thus the preparation of financial statements involves key accounting concepts which are standardized for the companies. The key accounting concepts are combined together to form the gen erally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The accounting concepts that are used in the preparation of the financial statements are such as money measurement, entity, cost, going concern, objectivity, dual aspect, time period, realization, conservatism, consistency, matching, materiality. The consideration of an entity and its distinction from the owners is important for preparation of the financial statements. The business, sales and receipts in accounting are done in terms of money measurement. The business is considered to carry on its economic activities for a sustainable period of time unless the operations cease to exist on the basis of decision of owners. This concept forms the basis of a going concern that is used in accounting method (Crosson and  Needles, 2010, p.52). The accounting measurements takes into consideration the cost incurred by the company for running the business. This includes the cost of capital, cost of goods sold, etc. The dual aspect in accounting s tates that the assets are equal to the liabilities of the company. The objectivity in accounting met

Risk Methodology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Methodology - Coursework Example Intended audiences include large state organizations concerned with important national issues such as food, security or the environment. The paper will seek to discuss the Operation Risk Management (ORM) methodology. Operation Risk Management (ORM) methodology can be defined as an engineered-based risk management system that is used to examine risks and safety of existing systems1. This system is commonly used by the military and federal aviation administration aspects of the government. It can also be used by other sectors like food administration and environmental protection. For example, the Food and Drug Administration department can use this methodology to develop security protocols and risk assessment procedures for food supply. This risk assessment tool is designed to mainly help in the identification of operational hazards and benefits. When such risks are determined, the best course of action can be formulated and implemented to combat unforeseen events. Risks normally arise from failed or inadequate processes, systems, people or external factors. For example, food supply can be provided to the wrong population as a result of an erroneous report generated by the food system. ORM uses a well defined procedure to address risk issues and design risk preventive measures. The steps used by this methodology in order are: risk identification, assessment, analysis, making of decisions, implementation and supervision or review2. To begin with, identification of risks is the first step in ORM that involves examination of each activity constituted in a process. According to this methodology, a risk is any circumstance that can result to illness, property damage, injury or degradation. For example, preparation of juice could be a process in making dessert for clients. Some of the hazards that can be associated with this

PERSONAL STATEMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Statement Example I have always strived to excel in what I do and would therefore like to sharpen my skills and update myself with the latest topics and technologies in this field. Pursuing an educational program that would give me a comprehensive exposure in industrial engineering will prepare me for a career in this field. In today’s competitive environment filled with challenges and demands on professionalism, I have to make sure that I am able to outperform all the others in this field. Since a mediocre performance and knowledge on the subject will not take me very far, I need to get the knowledge from an educational institution that offers a well rounded exposure and prepares future industrial engineers to face the challenging times. This includes theoretical and practical training in management techniques, people management skills and computer technology in addition to the basic engineering knowledge. Although I anticipate that my career will be filled with challenges and demanding situations, I expect it to be very satisfying as I see the projects that I design being built to completion. My areas of interest include investigation of analytical and computational methods for optimization, risk analysis, and development of methodologies for the design, planning and control of systems especially in governmental services. I believe that being part of governmental services, I will be able to make a stronger impact on the society and the country at large. The exposure in industrial engineering will therefore help me to add more value to the organization I chose to work with in the future. This way, I can also give back to the society which has had a major role in helping me achieve this level of education. In addition to this, I also aim to be a role model for people from my community to strive to do their best and be able to establish themselves in the field of industrial engineering. In the past minority groups have always been discriminated against and

Experiment on Amount of Dissolved Oxygen in Water

Experiment on Amount of Dissolved Oxygen in Water Research: Water covers 70 percent of the earth and made up of 55% to 78% of the human body; it is the most abundant compound on the planet. It’s exists in liquid, solid, and gaseous states in nature; at room temperature, it’s a tasteless, odorless and colorless liquid (Water structure and behaviour, 2014). Water in chemical formula is H2O, two hydrogen atoms each share one electron with the oxygen atom to form two covalent bonds and make a water molecule. The outer shell of oxygen is now full with 8 electrons and remains stable; thereby it won’t further react with other hydrogen or oxygen atoms (graph 1). One of the important features of water molecule is that it forms and angle with hydrogen atoms at the tips and the oxygen atom at the vertex. The angle formed by oxygen and hydrogen atoms isn’t a typical tetrahedral angle of 109 degrees, because the presence of two lone pairs on the oxygen molecule pushes the hydrogen molecules closer together away from the lone pa irs. This results in a smaller bond angle of 104.5 degree (Graph 2). The reason that water is primarily a liquid under standard condition is because that oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen; hydrogen is attracted strongly by oxygen results in the side of the oxygen atom is partial negative charge, while the hydrogen end is partially positive. This kind of molecule with a separation of electrical charges is called a dipole meaning two poles. The charge difference allows water molecules to be attracted to each other and difficult to be separated, forming one single body of liquid. Each water molecules bond to maximum of four other water molecules with two hydrogen atoms accepted and donates another two hydrogen atoms to others (Graph 3). This type of bond is identified as hydrogen bond occurs when hydrogen atom bonds with oxygen, fluorine or nitrogen atom. Hydrogen bonding functions as two magnets stick together due to the opposite pole attraction. It is stronger than normal dipole forces between molecules. The force is categorized as intermolecular force, a force act between neighboring particles (Hydrogen Bonding, 2013). The extensive hydrogen bonding between water molecules is responsible for physical properties in water, including property of high melting point, boiling point since more energy is required to break hydrogen bonds between molecules. Water will be in gas, if the intermolecular force (force that holds water molecules together) is less than the thermal force that pushing the molecules apart; while, the boiling point is determined as a point between behaving as a liquid and gas (Intramolecular Force, 2013). Another relevant property is that water has a very high specific heat capacity, due to the presence of extensive hydrogen bonding between water molecules; a large amount of energy (heat) is absorbed in breaking the bond (Specific Heat Capacity of Water, 2014). Water has a high solubility, due to its a polar molecule with both positive and negative charges. Dissolving occurs when water bonds and separates the anion and cation of a substance. Consider putting an ionic compound into water, the individual ions react with the opposite polarity regions of the water molecules with their ionic bonds broken. This process is called dissociation, where ions are formed with atoms breaking down from a molecule. The positively charged end of the water (H+) surrounds the negative ion of the ionic compound and the negatively charged end of the water (O2-) surrounds the positive ion of the ionic compound, this is called as a sphere of hydration, which separates the particles. This is the reason why water cannot dissolve non-polar molecule, because the polarity has no effect on a non-polar molecule (solubility, 2000). Abstract: In this experiment, potassium thiosulfate was used to titrate water sample collected in wetland at school; in order to simulate and determine the amount of oxygen dissolved in a normal river. The method used is called as Winkler Method, which involves iodometric titration; the amount of oxygen in the sample is determined indirectly via iodine. The method is considered to be the most reliable and precise method for DO analysis. DO presents in the river is relevant to the industry, river aquaculture, for the sake of keeping the oxygen level in a suitable range for aquatic animals to survive. There are a number of variables that affect DO presents in the river, temperature is the most crucial factor that should be taken into account. Since river’s temperature varies throughout the year with the change in the weathers or seasons. The temperature difference between summer and winter can be up to 10 degrees Celsius. Hence the experiment will focus on the effect of different temperat ures on the amount of DO in the water sample. Theoretically, the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water is inversely proportional to the water temperature (table1). It’s clearly shown in the graph that as the temperature rises, the solubility of oxygen in the water decreases (graph 4). It’s recommended that DO analysis experiment should be done within the same day. DO level in the water source, where sample water is collected, may alter dramatically at different time. It then consequently becomes a factor that affects the final result. Introduction: Dissolved oxygen in water is defines as the amount of oxygen molecules that physically distributed in water. Notice that oxygen does not chemically react with water, since oxygen is a non-polar gas; the intermolecular force of hydrogen bond in water molecule itself is stronger than the induced dipole attraction between the polar bond in water and the nonpolar bond gas, oxygen. Water molecules will rather remain hydrogen bonded to each other, then to allow a non-polar molecule (oxygen) to come between them (Aquaculture, 2000). There are three ways that oxygen gets in the water. First of all, it’s the difference of the concentration of oxygen in the air and the concentration of oxygen in the water causes diffusion to occur. Oxygen flows from high concentration (air) to low concentration (water). Secondly, it’s the partial pressure and surface area that causes oxygen to shift through the water. For instance, in a river that flows rapidly, water turbulence increases the surface area of water for oxygen to diffuse across. Churning also allows air to hit water at a high pressure, allowing more oxygen to diffuse into the water. At last the presence of water plants produce oxygen in the water by doing the process of photosynthesis (How does oxygen get into the water?, 1999). Nowadays, commercial aquaculture is growing worldwide except in Africa. Fish and other aquatic organisms are a source of protein for human to intake. However, continues to harvest wild sources of fish will result in overfishing or even the loss of those aquatic species entirely. Aquaculture not only meets the human demand, but also allows wild species to breed and maintain the number of the wild aquatic species. There are a couple of aspects to look at in the aquaculture industry. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water is relevant to maintain the water quality for fish and aquatic species to grow. Oxygen is important in respiration and metabolism processes in any animal. Particularly for fish, the metabolic rate is highly related to the oxygen concentration in water. For cold-water fish, the minimum DO requirement is 6mg per litre; for both tropical freshwater fish and tropical marine fish, it’s 5mg per litre. Once the level of DO is lower than the minimum requirement, fi sh may be affected by tissue hypoxia, their swimming activities will decrease and their immunity to diseases will also reduce (Aquaculture, 2000). It’s obvious that fish and aquatic species rely on the DO level in the water to survive. Fish farmers should realize all the factors that affect the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water; temperature is one of the main factors. The solubility of any gases is dependent on the temperature. At a high temperature, the solubility of a gas in the water is low, while at a lower temperature the gas solubility in the water is relatively higher (graph5) (The Effects of Temperature on the Solubility of Gases in the Universal Solvent (Water), 2009). As the temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the gas particles physically distributed in the water increases. This results in a more intensive gas particles’ motion, which allows intermolecular bonds between water molecules and gas molecules to be broken causing gas to escape into the atmosphere (Temperature and Pressure Effects on Solubility , 2003). The experiment consists of three parts, potassium iodate standardization, reagent blank determination and sample analysis. Begin with the KIO3 standardization, the exact concentration of potassium iodate is unknown, hence it’s titrated by sulfuric acid solution to determine it’s actual concentration. Reagent blank determination is done in order to minimize the error in the experiment. During the experiment, due to environment factors and contaminations, the result may be affected. Water is often used as a blank reagent and its responsible for determining the side effects on the final result. When doing the blank determination, water undergoes the same process as the sample. The value acquired is the blank value; it is then subtracted from the sample’s result. Once the processes of standardization and blank determination have been done, water sample can now be analyzed. The chemical reactions are as follows: 1) Manganese chloride reacts with sodium hydroxide to give a white perciptate of manganous hydroxide. MnCl2 + 2NaOH –> Mn(OH)2 + 2NaCl 2) The presence of oxygen in the water sample reacts with manganous hydroxide, manganic basic oxide is then formed. 2Mn(OH)2 + O2 –> 2 MnO(OH)2 3) Manganic basic oxide is dissolved by sulfuric acid, and immediately reacts with sodium iodide to yield iodine. 2MnO(OH)2 + 4 H2SO4 –> 2Mn(SO4)2 + 6H2O 2Mn(SO4)2 + 4 NaI –> 2Mn SO4 + 2Na2SO4 + 2I2 4) Sodium thiosulfate is used to titrate iodine with the indicator, starch, to the end point. 4Na2S2O3 + 2I2 ->2Na2S4O6 + 4NaI The titer determines the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water sample with one mole of O2 reacts with 4 moles of sodium thiosulfate. The amount of oxygen concentration can be calculated from the above analysis with the following formula: Dissolved oxygen = (mL/L) Notice that the unit is one milliliter of oxygen per litre of water, which can also be transferred into mg per litre. Hypothesis: It’s predicted that the lower temperature will result in a higher solubility of oxygen in water. Under the condition of high temperature, oxygen gas forms weak molecular bonds with the water molecules. As a result, oxygen molecules will rise towards the surface and escape to the atmosphere, consequently reducing the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in the water. The solubility of oxygen is compared between cold river water and heated river water within this experiment, whilst other variables are kept constant; including the size of the beaker, the location where river water is retrieved from and the solution used for titration. Materials: BOD bottle Deionised water Standard Potassium Iodate Sulfuric acid solution Sodium iodide-sodium hydroxide reagent Manganese chloride reagent Method: KIO3 Standardization (Titration) Label a BOD bottle with â€Å"KIO3 Standard† 15ml of deionised water added into the BOD bottle 10ml of standard potassium iodate with concentration of 0.00167M added into the BOD bottle with a pipette Swirl to mix 1 ml of 50% sulphuric acid solution added into the BOD bottle 1ml of sodium iodide-sodium hydroxide reagent added into the BOD bottle and swirl 1ml of manganese chloride reagent added into the BOD bottle and mix thoroughly Fill the BOD bottle with deionised water to the neck, and mix the solution by inverting the bottle a few times (BOD bottle now contains KIO3 standard solution, it’s identified as KIO3 standard bottle) Discard 50mL of KIO3 standard solution by using a 50mL volumetric pipette Add 50mL of KIO3 standard solution into a clean 100ml conical flask by using a 50mL volumetric pipette Set up the burette and fill it with sodium thiosulfate working solution Place a white tile under the burette with the conical flask that contains KIO3 standard solution on top Start titrating sodium thiosulfate into the conical flask until the solution turns a pale yellow colour, stop titrating Three drops of starch solution added to the flask, then continues to titrate until the solution turns colourless Volume of sodium thiosulfate added recorded Repeat the process until three readings within 0.05mL of each other acquired Reagent Blank determination – Titration Add 15mL of deionised water into a 250mL conical flask 1mL of KIO3 standard solution added to the conical flask 1mL of 50% sulphuric acid added to the flask 1mL of sodium iodide-sodium hydroxide added to the flask 1mL of manganese chloride reagent added to the flask Appendix Table1: (The Winkler Method Measuring Dissolved Oxygen, 2013) Graph 1: (Waters Influence on Temperature, 2013) Graph 2: (WATER: DESIGNED FOR LIFE, 2013) Graph 3: (Hydrogen bond, 2014) Graph4: (Lecture Water Chemistry Dissolved Gases Oxygen) Graph5: (Why oxygen dissolved in water is important , 1998)

Victim in Hardys Tess of the dUrbervilles Essay -- Tess dUrbervil

Victim in Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles      Ã‚   Tess Durbeyfield is a victim of external and uncomprehended forces. Passive and yielding, unsuspicious and fundamentally pure, she suffers a weakness of will and reason, struggling against a fate that is too strong for her. Tess is the easiest victim of circumstance, society and male idealism, who fights the hardest fight yet is destroyed by her ravaging self-destructive sense of guilt, life denial and the cruelty of two men.      Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is primarily the death of the horse, Prince, the DurbeyfieldÕs main source of livelihood, that commences the web of circumstance that envelops Tess. Tess views herself as the cause of her families economic downfall, however she also believes that she is parallel to a murderess. The imagery at this point in the novel shows how distraught and guilt ridden Tess is as she places her hand upon PrinceÕs wound in a futile attempt to prevent the blood loss that cannot be prevented. This imagery is equivalent to a photographic proof - a lead-up to the events that will shape TessÕs life and the inevitable Ã’evilÓ that also, like the crimson blood that spouts from PrinceÕs wound, cannot be stopped. The symbolic fact that Tess perceives herself to be comparable to a murderess is an insight into the murder that she will eventually commit and is also a reference to the level of guilt that now consumes her. Ã’Nobody blamed Tess as she blamed herself... she regarded herself in the light of a murderess.Ó Â   Her parents, aware of her beauty, view Tess as an opportunity for future wealth and coupled with the unfortunate circumstance of Prince's death urge Tess to... ...ill and reason are undermined by her sensuality. Tess herself sums up her own blighted life best; "Once a victim, always a victim - that's the law!"    Works Cited Casagrande, Peter J. Tess of the d'Urbervilles: Unorthodox Beauty. New York: Twayne, 1992. Claridge, Laura. "Tess: A Less Than Pure Woman Ambivalently Presented." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 28 (1986): 324-38. Hall, Donald. Afterward. Tess of the d'Urbervilles. By Thomas Hardy. New York: Signet, 1980. 417-27. Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the d'Urbervilles. 1891. New York: Signet Classic, 1980. McMurtry, Jo. Victorian Life and Victorian Fiction. Hamden: Shoe String, 1979. Mickelson, Anne Z. Thomas Hardy's Women and Men: The Defeat of Nature. Metuchen: Scarecrow, 1976. Weissman, Judith. Half Savage and Hardy and Free. Middletown: Wesleyan UP, 1987.